Two levels of abstraction are employed in the definitions of latitude and longitude. 5.8 Numerical comparison of auxiliary latitudes.5.2 Parametric latitude (or reduced latitude).Also defined are six auxiliary latitudes that are used in special applications. Briefly, geodetic latitude at a point is the angle formed by the vector perpendicular (or normal) to the ellipsoidal surface from that point, and the equatorial plane. On its own, the term latitude should be taken to be the geodetic latitude as defined below. Latitude is used together with longitude to specify the precise location of features on the surface of the Earth. Lines of constant latitude, or parallels, run east–west as circles parallel to the equator. Latitude is an angle (defined below) which ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° (North or South) at the poles. In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north– south position of a point on the Earth's surface. In this example meridians are spaced at 6° intervals and parallels at 4° intervals. The graticule shows the latitude and longitude of points on the surface. The circles parallel to the equator are lines of constant latitude, or parallels. The lines from pole to pole are lines of constant longitude, or meridians. A graticule on the Earth as a sphere or an ellipsoid.
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